Episode 126: Go For Broke, Part IV

 

After their success in Italy, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team was requested by the 7th Army to go to France where they encountered wet, cold, rugged terrain that was more extreme than they had fought through in the Italian Campaign.

Their bloodiest battle was when they fought through strong German defenses to rescue the so-called Alamo Battalion. Major General Dahlquist was accused of treating the Nisei as cannon fodder to reach those cut off troops, and despite the HEAVY casualties, they rescued their fellow Americans. Today, this painting commemorating the event hangs in the Pentagon.

After their victories in France and receiving replacements for their casualties, the 442nd was called back to Italy to spearhead the final push against the Axis's Gothic Line. They off as the diversionary effort, but when they still managed to defeat a much larger German force, the diversion quicky turned into a attack. Soon, Germans were surrendering in the hundreds and thousands. World War II ended in Italy on May 2, 1945; it ended in Europe six days later.

When the 442nd returned to Italy, its 522nd Field Artillery Battalion was detached and became a roving unit than went on to successfully accomplish 52 separate missions as the Allies moved from France into Germany. They went on to be the only Nisei unit to fight in Germany and liberated one of the Dachau death camp's satellite locations in Bavaria.

On July 15, 1946, at a ceremony in Washington, DC, President Truman personally presented the 442nd with its eighth Presidential Unit Citation. 

Episode 125: Go For Boke, Part II

Thanks in part to the 100th Infantry Battalion blowing all their doubters's expectations out of the water during their training, FDR and the War Department decided to stand up anther segregated Nisei unit - the 442nd Regimental Combat Team - mad made up of volunteers from Hawaii and the mainland (most of the of 1200 volunteers from the mainland were interned at the time) and like the 100th before them, they did everything the Army asked of them and more while fighting in Italy against the German and Italian militaries.

Go for Broke is a Hawaiian pidgin term for when a dice player puts all his money on a single throw. It was the motto the 442nd Regimental Combat Team picked for itself and it prepared to Go for Broke combating racism, stereotypes, and the Axis.

Episode 124: Go For Broke, Part II

In 1943, the US Army Finally decided what to do with the few hundred Nisei soldiers who had yet to be discharged as enemy aliens. They were formed into the 100th Infantry Battalion (Separate) and sent to Camp McCoy, Wisconsin. Despite what the rest of the army assumed would happen, the men of the 100th excelled at training and proved all of their naysayers wrong. 

At the end of their training, the 100th received the motto it requested, Remember Pearl Harbor, and was sent overseas. After a few detours, they ended up in Italy where they fought in several key battles, including Monte Cassino.

the 100th biggest supporter, and their first commander, was Lieutenant Colonel Farrant Lewis Turner. When the battalion entered combat, he was 48 years old. After a month in Italy, he had to be evacuated due to health. A short time later, he was mustered out of the military. Afterwards, he returned to Hawaii and continued to help 100th veterans for the rest of his life.

LTC Turner died in 1959 at age 63 - the same year Hawaii became a state. He was interred at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Section U, Grave 1174. His wife Helen Van Inwegen joined him in 1988. She was 91.

Their son Bert followed his father's footsteps, graduated from the US Military Academy at West Point in 1949 and served in the Army for 22 years. By the time he retired, he was a veteran of the Korean and Vietnam Wars. 

Colonel Albert Farrant Turner was interred at the Hawaii State Veterans Cemetery in Section 121-B, Site 10. He was 91 years old.

Episode 123: Go For Broke, Part I

 

While Mr. Miyagi is a fictional character, the distinguished unit he was written to have served with in World War II was not. After the US government interned Japanese residents and their American citizen children in concentration camps after Pearl Harbor, many of those Americans unconstitutionally detained by their own government looked for a chance to prove their loyalty by volunteering to serve in the Army. The two most famous of these (nearly) all-Japanese American units are the 100th Infantry Regiment (Remember Pearl Harbor) and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (Go for Broke!). Not only did the men in those units serve with distinction, they became the highest decorated units of their size in US Army history. This podcast marks the beginning of a multi-episode are about Japanese American military service in the Second World War.

Episode 122: Tales from Punchbowl, Part II

 

Donn Beach, the father of tiki culture, founder of the Donn the Beachcomber restaurant chain, and  creator of the mai tai cocktail started out in California but after his service as a lieutenant colonel in WWII, he relocated to Hawaii.

In Hawaii, he established Waikiki's still popular (though very different than when it was founded) International Market Place and was part of a group of entrepreneurs who went out of their way to preserve historic sites across the islands.

Army Air Corps Lieutenant Colonel Donn Beach is buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Section B, Grave 1-C.

1920's Notre Dame University football legend Jack Chevigny was not only part of the Fighting Irish's surprise upset over powerhouse Army in the now-classic 1928 Gipper Game, he was the one who yelled "That's one for the Gipper" as he crossed the goal line to tie the game up. He went on to coach football at first the NFL and then the collegiate levels after earing his law degree.

Chevigny joined the Marines and after multiple recruiting and physical training assignments, he requested a combat assignment. He ended up with the 27th Marines where he landed on Iwo Jima on D-Day where he was killed.

After initially being interred on Iwo Jima, Marine Corps First Lieutenant John "Jack" Chevigny's remains were moved to the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific where he was buried in Section C, Grave 508.

Wah Kau Kong excelled in athletics and chemistry while attending the University of Hawaii. He was in the middle of a Master's Degree in chemistry when he decided to volunteer for the Army Air Corps in 1942.

He achieved the highest score on the air cadet entrance exam that had ever been seen at the time (he was already a licensed pilot) and when he graduated from Army flight school he was the first Chinese-American to become a fighter pilot. He was shot down over Germany protecting a crippled B-17.

Army Air Corps Second Lieutenant Wah Kau Kong was buried in Germany by the Germans who recovered his remains before being moved after the war to the American Cemetery in the Netherlands. He was eventually moved to the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific where he rests in Section D Grave 453.

Family man Stanley Dunham served as an ordinance sergeant in World War II. After his daughter Ann graduated from high school in 1960, the family moved to Hawaii where he worked in the furniture industry, his wife Madelyn became the first senior executive at the Bank of Hawaii, and their daughter Ann studied Anthropology at the University of Hawaii. Ann married a fellow student from Kenya and together they had a son, future US president Barak Obama.

Ann divorced her first husband - it turns out that he forgot to mention that he was already married to a woman back in Kenya who he had two children with - and then married a surveyor from Indonesia. She and her son moved to Jakarta after Ann graduated but when Obama turned 10, he moved back to Hawaii to live with Dunham and Madelyn so he could attend school in the United States.

Army Sergeant Stanley Dunham was cremated and his ashes placed at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in columbarium CT1-B, row 400, niche 440.

Episode 121 - Tales from Punchbowl, Part I

Charles Lacy Veach was the second astronaut from Hawaii. After a career as an Air Force fighter pilot he went to work for NASA as a consultant but eventually became an astronaut himself and flew on two shuttle missions.

Air Force Colonel Charles Lacy Veach died of cancer on October 3, 1995, he was 51 years old. His ashes were placed in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific Columbarium Court 3, Wall J, Niche 233.

Yashiyuki Harold Sakata began life working on various Hawaiian fruit plantations before taking up weightlifting. After World War II began, he joined an Army engineer battalion that stayed on Hawaii for most of the war which gave him the chance to continue to train. He even won a few local lifting competitions. After the war, he won a national event which qualified him for the 1948 London Olympics. In London, he won a silver medal.

After the Olympics, Sakata retired from weightlifting and took up professional wrestling. Over a little more than a decade, he performed with ten or twelve promotions and won three solo and nine tag team championship belts.

Then, in 1964, he hung up his wrestling trunks and began acting. His first role was as the iconic Bond Villain Oddjob in the James Bond file The Man with the Golden Gun. He continued acting for the next two decades in movies, television, and commercials. His last TV appearance was just a few months before his death on stage at the Academy Awards in his Oddjob persona while Sheena Easton performed the Oscar-nominated Bond title song For Your Eyes Only.

Army Technician Fifth Class Harold Sakata dies in 1982 at age 62. He is interred at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Section III, Grave 317.

Leo Sharp, Sr. was a decorated World War II infantry soldier in the Italian campaign before returning home and eventually gaining fame in the botanical circles for his hybrid daylilies.

While he was well known in the daylily community (he claimed to have even been invited to plant some of his flowers at the White House by President George HW Bush), it apparently didn't pay well and he had a lot of financial issues.

Leo was talked into become a drug mule for the Sinaloa cartel, driving hundreds of kilos of cocaine from Arizona to Michigan and then returning thousands and thousands of dollars back along the same route. He was caught in 2011 and eventually convicted and sentenced to three years in prison. He was released after one year due to poor heath and died in 2016. He was 92 years old.

I'm not sure how he ended up there as he didn't seem to have any prior connection to Hawaii, but Army Private First Class Leo Sharp, Sr. is interred at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Section CT13A, Row 100, Grave 150. The 2018 Clint Eastwood film The Mule is based on Sharp.

The Godfather of modern American tattooing, Norman Collins, known as Sailor Jerry for most of his professional career. He joined the Navy in 1930, spent several years in East Asia and the Pacific, and learned tattooing from the masters in that region of the world. After he left the Navy, he settled in Honolulu and continued tattooing the service members on Oahu.

Sailor Jerry's tattoos quickly became world famous as US service members took his designs all over the world.

When World War II broke out, he wanted to get back into the Navy but had developed a heart condition and was not allowed to reenlist, but the Merchant Marines were more than happy to get another experienced navigator in their ranks and made him a lieutenant commander.

After the war, Sailor Jerry continued his tattooing. On June 9, 1973, he had heart attack while riding his motorcycle and died three days later. He was 62 years old. Navy Seaman First Class Norman "Sailor Jerry" Collins is interred at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Section T, Grave 124.

Episode 120 - Ernie Pyle's War, Episode VIII

After Ernie Pyle was killed by a single shot from a sniper, the Army's 77th Infantry Division, who he was with at the time, built a temporary memorial. After the three month battle of Okinawa, engineers from the 77th replaced the temporary marker with a permanent one. I had the opportunity to visit the marker of the island of Ie Jima in 2008 while assigned to the 505th Quartermaster Battalion on Okinawa.

The Original Pyle Memorial Marker

The Permanent Marker when it was dedicated July 2, 1945

Pyle was buried on Ie Shima (now Ie Jima) two days after his death in April 1945.

After World War II, Pyle's remains were disinterred and reburied in a cemetery on Okinawa. In 1949, when the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific was dedicated in Hawaii, Pyle's remains were buried there its first day of operation. After the burials of two unknown soldiers (one of either side of Pyle), Pyle was honored as the first known person buried at the site.

Pyle was honored in many traditional ways, but also in a few unique ways. Boeing employees build a B-29 and named it the Ernie Pyle...

...and the Ernie Pyle Memorial Theater, one of the largest headquarters/recreation sites in all of occupied Japan (specifically in downtown Tokyo was also named in his honor. The Pyle Theater was depicted on the front of a commemorative medal many service members purchased a souvenirs.

The back of the Pyle Theater medal was engraved with "Memories of Landing in Japan" and the year the medal was minted. A new batch was put out every year.